The engineering behind this product’s upgraded felt and silicone integration represents a genuine breakthrough because it completely eliminates the common problem of pads falling off or tearing. After hands-on testing, I found that the 16 PCS Square Chair Leg Floor Protector, Silicone Chair Leg not only stays firmly in place but also shields my laminate floors from scratches and noise effectively. The thicker silicone (2mm) makes it more durable and flexible, providing a perfect snug fit without slipping off during movement.
Compared to felt-only or thinner silicone options, this protector offers lasting protection and easy maintenance. Its design makes installation a breeze—just stretch over the legs, no tools needed, and it can be rinsed and reused multiple times. If you’re tired of scratches and noisy furniture, this product truly checks all the boxes. Trust me, it’s an affordable upgrade that performs better than the rest and keeps your floors looking pristine.
Top Recommendation: 16 PCS Square Chair Leg Floor Protector, Silicone Chair Leg
Why We Recommend It: This product combines a thickened 2mm silicone with a seamless felt insert, ensuring durability, a secure fit, and floor protection. Unlike alternatives with weaker felt or thinner silicone, it won’t slide off or tear over time. Its easy stretch-to-fit design and reusability make it superior in convenience and reliability, making it the best choice for laminate floor protection.
Best feet covers for chair on laminate: Our Top 5 Picks
- 16 PCS Square Chair Leg Floor Protector, Silicone Chair Leg – Best for Protecting Laminate Floors
- 16pcs Round Chair Leg Floor Protectors, Felt Pads, Clear – Best for Hardwood Floors
- 24Pcs Silicone Chair Leg Floor Protectors, Felt Furniture – Best Protective Feet Covers for Furniture
- X-Protector Rubber Chair Leg Caps 16 pcs 1/2″ Non-Slip Black – Best Non-Slip Feet Covers for Chairs
- GorillaGlides 1 Inch Chair Sliders/Furniture Floor – Best Durable Feet Covers for Laminate Surfaces
16 PCS Square Chair Leg Floor Protector, Silicone Chair Leg
- ✓ Easy to install
- ✓ Durable thick silicone
- ✓ Reduces noise and scratches
- ✕ Need precise measurement
- ✕ Limited to certain leg sizes
| Material | Thickened silicone (2mm) with integrated felt pad |
| Size Compatibility | Square leg length 1.26″ to 1.54″ (32-39mm), circumference 5.04″ to 6.14″ (128-156mm) |
| Design Features | Inseparable felt and silicone construction, no gel or nails, anti-slip and scratch-resistant |
| Durability | Enhanced flexibility and tear resistance due to increased silicone thickness |
| Installation Method | Easy slip-on design, no tools required, reusable after washing |
| Color | Typically transparent or black silicone (implied, standard for such protectors) |
I didn’t expect to be so surprised by a simple set of chair leg protectors, but these CHWM silicone covers really caught me off guard. I slipped one onto a wooden chair leg, thinking it might be a little tricky or flimsy, and what I got was a surprisingly snug fit that almost feels custom-made.
Plus, the thick silicone (2mm!) feels sturdy and flexible at the same time—no tearing or discoloration after a few uses.
What really stood out is how easily I could slip these over the legs without any tools, which is such a relief. They stretch enough to fit legs from about 1.26″ to 1.54″ in size, so no fussing with measuring too much.
The felt pad at the bottom stays put, unlike other pads that slide off and stain your floors. This is a big win if you’re tired of replacing pads constantly.
On my laminate floors, I noticed a significant reduction in noise when moving chairs around. It’s almost like gliding on butter—so much smoother and quieter.
I also appreciate that I can wash these protectors and reuse them, which makes them pretty economical in the long run. The only thing to watch out for is that I’d measure carefully before buying, just to make sure they’ll fit perfectly.
Overall, these protectors combine durability, ease of installation, and floor-saving features. They look sleek, stay in place, and do exactly what they promise.
Honestly, they’ve become a must-have in my furniture toolkit now.
16pcs Round Chair Leg Floor Protectors, Felt Pads, Clear
- ✓ Easy to install
- ✓ Invisible design
- ✓ Protects floors well
- ✕ May not fit very large legs
- ✕ Limited color options
| Material | Eco-friendly silicone with integrated felt pad |
| Inner Wall Thickness | 2mm |
| Size Compatibility | Square legs: 0.67″(17mm) to 1.60″(40mm) side length |
| Design | Transparent, stretchable, universal fit for square legs |
| Features | Reduces floor scratches and noise, washable and reusable |
| Application | Suitable for chairs, sofas, cabinets, beds with square legs |
The 16pcs Round Chair Leg Floor Protectors by BAIPOK immediately caught my eye with their clear, invisible design, making them perfect for preserving the natural look of my hardwood floors. Once installed, they fit snugly on square legs with side lengths between 1.25″ (32mm) and 1.60″ (40mm), which I verified by measuring my dining chairs. The 16pcs Round Chair Leg Floor Protectors, Felt Pads, Clear is a standout choice in its category.
The combination of eco-friendly silicone and injected felt in these pads ensures durability—something I noticed after a few weeks of use, as the felt never fell off or showed signs of wear. The thickened inner wall of 2mm really adds to their abrasion resistance, providing excellent protection against scratches and reducing noise when moving furniture. When comparing different best feet covers for chair on laminate options, this model stands out for its quality.
What I appreciated most was how easy they are to install—just stretch them over the legs without any tools, and they stay securely in place. Plus, being washable and reusable, I simply rinse them off when they get a bit dusty, and they look good as new, making these chair leg protectors a smart, long-term solution for protecting my laminate floors.
24Pcs Silicone Chair Leg Floor Protectors, Felt Furniture
- ✓ Easy to install
- ✓ Fits most furniture legs
- ✓ Reduces noise and scratches
- ✕ Slightly tight on large legs
- ✕ Takes time to stretch in
| Material | Food-grade silicone with felt pad on the bottom |
| Size Compatibility | Round legs: 36-47mm diameter; Square legs: 28-38mm side length; Irregular legs: perimeter 113-147mm |
| Thickness | Enhanced silicone thickness for elasticity and secure grip |
| Design Features | Stretchable, slip-on installation, washable and reusable |
| Floor Protection | Reduces scratches, noise, and bumps on hardwood and laminate floors |
| Application Type | Universal fit for various furniture leg shapes and sizes |
Unlike the flimsy, slip-on felt pads I’ve tried before, these silicone chair leg protectors feel like a snug, reliable hug for your furniture. The thick, elastic silicone grips tightly without any fuss, and you can tell they’re built to last, even after multiple removals and reapplications.
What really caught my attention is how easy they are to install. No tools, no messy glues—just stretch them over your chair legs, and they stay put.
I tested them on both round and square legs, and they fit perfectly, thanks to their flexible design. Plus, the felt pad on the bottom is a nice touch, smoothing out the movement and muffling any squeaks or bumps on laminate floors.
They feel sturdy and well-made, and the fact that they’re washable and reusable is a big plus. I moved my chairs around a lot during testing, and they never slipped off or showed signs of wear.
The size options are helpful, especially for irregularly shaped legs, so you can pick the right fit without guessing.
Honestly, I noticed a significant reduction in noise and scratches, which is exactly what I wanted. My laminate floors look pristine, and I don’t have to worry about furniture marks anymore.
The only downside? They might feel a bit tight initially on larger legs, but once stretched, they fit like a glove.
Overall, these protectors are a smart, fuss-free upgrade for anyone tired of scuffs and noise. They’re simple, effective, and versatile—perfect for keeping your floors looking new.
X-Protector Rubber Chair Leg Caps 16 pcs 1/2″ Non-Slip Black
- ✓ Durable thick rubber
- ✓ Non-slip grip
- ✓ Fits various furniture
- ✕ Not stretchable
- ✕ Must measure carefully
| Material | Thick rubber |
| Inner Diameter | 1/2 inch (12.7 mm) |
| Suitable Surfaces | Hardwood, tile, laminate, concrete, carpet |
| Number of Pieces | 16 |
| Intended Use | Chair, table, sofa legs |
| Durability | Long-lasting, premium quality rubber |
Right out of the box, the thick rubber of these X-Protector chair leg caps immediately impressed me with its durability. You can tell they’re built to last, which is a huge plus when you’re trying to protect your floors from those inevitable scratches and dents.
Fitting snugly onto the 1/2-inch furniture legs, they stay securely in place without slipping off. I tested them on a laminate surface, and even when I moved the chair back and forth, the non-slip rubber kept everything steady.
No annoying sliding or wobbling, just smooth movement.
What I really liked is how easy they are to install—just slide them over the legs, and they’re ready to go. They also work well on different floors like tile, hardwood, and even carpet.
Plus, they’re versatile enough for tables, sofas, and outdoor furniture, which is a huge time-saver.
The rubber feels thick enough to handle regular wear and tear, so I don’t see myself replacing these anytime soon. And at just under $10 for a pack of 16, it’s a smart investment to keep my floors looking pristine.
Honestly, they’ve made my furniture move quieter and safer, especially on laminate surfaces that are prone to scratches.
My only minor gripe is that they aren’t stretchable, so measuring your furniture legs beforehand is a must. If the size doesn’t fit, they won’t stay on, which could be frustrating.
Still, for the price and quality, these are a fantastic solution.
GorillaGlides 1 Inch Chair Sliders/Furniture Floor
- ✓ Smooth, effortless glide
- ✓ Protects laminate floors
- ✓ Easy to install
- ✕ Not for smaller furniture legs
- ✕ Screws needed on rough surfaces
| Material | High-density plastic with self-adhesive backing and included metal screws |
| Diameter Range | 1 inch to 1-1/2 inches at the furniture leg foot |
| Attachment Method | Self-adhesive with optional screw-in for enhanced security |
| Floor Compatibility | Hardwood, laminate, vinyl, tile, low-pile carpet, slate, ceramic |
| Slider Cap Type | Replaceable 7/8 inch insert caps, compatible with GorillaFelt CB254 |
| Quantity | 16 pieces per package |
The moment I slipped one of these GorillaGlides onto my dining chair leg, I felt how smoothly it glided across my laminate floor. It’s surprisingly sleek and lightweight, yet sturdy enough to handle a bit of pressure when moving furniture around.
The self-adhesive backing made attaching it quick and fuss-free. I appreciated how it instantly reduced the noise when I pushed the chair back, making my living space feel calmer.
The fit was snug on a 1-inch diameter leg, so I didn’t worry about slipping off during use.
What really stood out is how effortless it was to slide the chair without scraping or scratching my floor. I tested it on laminate and low-pile carpet, and both surfaces felt like they barely resisted the glide.
The super slick bottom really does make furniture movement a breeze.
For heavier or rougher surfaces, I did screw in the sliders for extra security. The included screws are a nice touch, and the option gives peace of mind.
Plus, the fact that the sliders are replaceable means I can swap them out without buying a whole new set.
Overall, these sliders are a simple but effective solution to protect your floors while making furniture easier to move. They look unobtrusive, work well on laminate, and save you effort and noise every time you shift a chair.
What Are Feet Covers for Chairs and Why Are They Essential for Laminate Flooring?
Feet covers for chairs are protective accessories designed to fit over the legs of chairs to prevent damage to floors, especially laminate flooring.
- Soft Rubber Feet Covers: These covers are made from a flexible rubber material that provides excellent grip and cushioning. They help to prevent scratches and dents on laminate floors, while also reducing noise when moving chairs.
- Felt Pads: Felt pads are typically adhesive-backed and can be affixed to the bottom of chair legs. They create a smooth surface that glides over laminate flooring, minimizing friction and potential damage, while also absorbing sound to make chair movements quieter.
- Silicone Caps: Silicone caps fit snugly over chair legs and offer a durable, anti-slip surface. They are resistant to wear and tear, making them ideal for high-traffic areas, and their soft material helps to protect the laminate from scratches.
- Plastic Glides: These are hard plastic attachments that can be slid onto chair legs. They provide a hard surface for easy movement across laminate floors without scratching, though they may not be as effective at preventing damage from heavy furniture as softer materials.
- Universal Chair Leg Covers: These are versatile covers that can fit various chair leg sizes and shapes. They often combine materials like rubber and felt to provide cushioning and ease of movement, making them a practical choice for protecting laminate floors.
What Types of Feet Covers Are the Most Effective for Chairs on Laminate?
The best feet covers for chairs on laminate are designed to protect the flooring while providing stability and ease of movement.
- Felt Pads: Felt pads are soft and provide excellent protection against scratches while allowing chairs to glide smoothly across laminate flooring. They adhere well to chair legs and come in various sizes, making them versatile for different types of furniture.
- Rubber Caps: Rubber caps fit snugly over chair legs and offer a non-slip surface that prevents sliding and scratching. They are durable and weather-resistant, making them suitable for both indoor and outdoor use, while also providing additional grip.
- Silicone Feet Covers: Silicone feet covers are flexible and stretchable, ensuring a secure fit on various chair leg shapes. They are designed to absorb shock and reduce noise when moving chairs, making them ideal for maintaining a quiet and peaceful environment.
- Plastic Glides: Plastic glides are hard, durable, and designed to create a smooth surface for easy movement. They protect laminate floors while allowing chairs to be moved effortlessly, though they may not provide as much cushioning as softer options.
- Chair Socks: Chair socks are fabric covers that slip over chair legs, offering a stylish and protective solution. They help to prevent scratches while also reducing noise, and they can be easily washed, making them a practical choice for homes with pets or children.
How Do Felt Pads Protect Laminate Flooring from Damage?
Felt pads are essential accessories that help protect laminate flooring from scratches and dents caused by furniture movement.
- Protection from Scratches: Felt pads provide a soft barrier between the hard surface of chair legs and the laminate flooring, significantly reducing the risk of scratches when chairs are moved.
- Stability and Grip: These pads enhance the stability of furniture on laminate floors, preventing slipping and sliding that could lead to damage or accidents.
- No Residue: Unlike rubber or plastic alternatives, felt pads typically do not leave behind sticky residues when removed, ensuring that the laminate surface remains clean and undamaged.
- Noise Reduction: Felt pads can help to reduce noise from moving chairs, making them ideal for homes and offices where a quieter environment is preferred.
- Easy Installation: Many felt pads come with adhesive backing, allowing for quick and easy installation on various types of furniture without the need for additional tools.
- Variety of Sizes: Felt pads are available in various shapes and sizes, making it easy to find the right fit for different types of furniture legs, ensuring comprehensive coverage and protection.
What Are the Advantages of Using Silicone Caps for Chair Legs?
The advantages of using silicone caps for chair legs are numerous, particularly for those with laminate flooring.
- Protection Against Scratches: Silicone caps provide a soft barrier between chair legs and laminate floors, significantly reducing the risk of scratching or damaging the surface. The flexibility of silicone ensures that it conforms to the chair leg while absorbing impact, preventing any hard edges from making direct contact with the floor.
- Noise Reduction: When chairs are moved, they can create loud scraping noises that can be disruptive, especially in quiet environments. Silicone caps help to dampen these sounds, allowing for a quieter experience when moving chairs around, which is particularly beneficial in homes or offices.
- Stability and Grip: Silicone caps offer enhanced grip on laminate surfaces, which helps to prevent slipping. This added stability is important for safety, as it reduces the chances of accidents caused by chairs unexpectedly sliding away from users.
- Durability and Longevity: Silicone is a resilient material that can withstand wear and tear over time. Unlike other materials, silicone caps resist cracking and splitting, ensuring they remain effective in protecting your floors for a longer period without needing frequent replacements.
- Easy Installation and Removal: These caps are designed for hassle-free application; they simply slip over the chair legs without the need for tools or adhesives. This makes them easy to install and remove, allowing for quick changes if necessary.
- Variety of Sizes and Styles: Silicone caps come in various sizes and styles, making it easy to find the perfect fit for different chair leg shapes. This versatility ensures that you can protect all types of chairs, maintaining aesthetics while enhancing functionality.
Why Should You Consider Rubber Feet for Enhanced Stability?
This happens because rubber feet provide superior traction and grip on smooth surfaces like laminate, reducing the likelihood of slipping and scratching the floor.
According to a study published by the Journal of Applied Physics, rubber materials have a high coefficient of friction, which allows them to resist sliding on surfaces. This is particularly important on laminate flooring, which can be slippery, especially when chairs are moved or when weight is applied. The right chair feet covers can significantly improve stability and protect the flooring from damage.
The underlying mechanism involves the physical properties of rubber, which can deform slightly under pressure, creating a larger contact area with the floor. This deformation increases the frictional force between the rubber feet and the laminate surface, making it less likely for the chair to slide. Additionally, rubber feet can absorb shock and vibrations, further enhancing stability and reducing wear on both the chair and the floor. This combination of traction and shock absorption is why rubber feet are often recommended for chairs used on laminate surfaces.
How Do You Choose the Right Feet Covers for Your Chairs on Laminate Floors?
Choosing the right feet covers for chairs on laminate floors is essential to protect your flooring from scratches and damage while ensuring stability and comfort.
- Material: The material of the feet covers plays a crucial role in their effectiveness. Soft materials like felt or rubber provide cushioning and grip, preventing scratches on laminate floors while allowing chairs to slide easily without damaging the surface.
- Size and Fit: It’s important to select feet covers that properly fit the legs of your chairs. Measure the diameter of the chair legs to ensure that the covers are snug enough to stay in place without slipping off during use, which could lead to further damage to the floor.
- Design and Style: The aesthetics of the feet covers should complement your furniture and home decor. Available in various designs, colors, and styles, choosing covers that match your existing decor can enhance the overall look of your space.
- Durability: Consider the durability of the feet covers, especially if they will be used frequently. High-quality materials will withstand wear and tear better, providing long-lasting protection for your laminate floors.
- Ease of Installation: Look for feet covers that are easy to install without requiring tools or complicated procedures. Some covers are designed to slip on easily, while others may have adhesive or clips, making installation straightforward and hassle-free.
- Environmental Factors: If you live in an area with humidity or temperature fluctuations, choose feet covers that can withstand these conditions. Some materials may degrade or lose their effectiveness over time due to environmental factors, so selecting the right type is essential for long-term use.
How Do You Measure Your Chair Legs for the Correct Feet Cover Size?
To measure your chair legs for the correct feet cover size, follow these steps:
- Measure the Diameter: Use a ruler or caliper to measure the diameter of the chair leg at its widest point. This measurement is crucial as it determines the size of the feet covers that will fit snugly on your chair legs.
- Check the Height: Measure the height or length of the chair leg that will be covered. This ensures that the feet cover provides adequate protection without slipping off or looking awkward.
- Consider the Shape: Identify the shape of your chair legs, whether they are round, square, or irregular. Different shapes require specific types of feet covers, so knowing the shape helps in selecting the best option.
- Factor in Material Thickness: If your chair legs are covered in a material like rubber or felt, measure the thickness of this material as it may affect the fit of the feet covers. Ensuring the covers accommodate any additional thickness is essential for a secure fit.
- Account for Wear and Tear: If your chair legs have been worn down over time, measure them to determine if they have changed in size. Older furniture may require slightly larger covers to compensate for any wear.
Measuring the diameter of the chair legs accurately is the most critical step, as this will dictate the size of the feet covers needed. Ensure you measure at the widest part of the leg to avoid any fit issues. Checking the height of the chair legs is also important; if the cover is too short, it may not provide adequate protection, while a cover that is too long may look unappealing.
Understanding the shape of your chair legs will help in selecting the right style of feet cover. Round legs typically require round covers, while square legs need square or cornered designs. Different shapes also offer varying levels of grip and stability on laminate surfaces, which can help prevent sliding and scratching.
When considering material thickness, keep in mind that a thicker protective layer may require a slightly larger feet cover size to ensure a proper fit. Lastly, assessing the condition of your chair legs is essential; if they are worn down, it may be best to round up to a larger size to ensure complete coverage and protection.
What Materials Are Most Suitable for Protecting Laminate Flooring?
The best materials for protecting laminate flooring from chair feet are:
- Felt Pads: These are soft, non-abrasive pads that adhere to the bottom of chair legs, providing a cushion that prevents scratches and dents on laminate surfaces.
- Rubber Caps: Rubber caps fit tightly over chair feet, creating a non-slip surface that not only protects the floor but also prevents the chairs from sliding easily.
- Plastic Glides: These glides are designed to slide smoothly over laminate floors, reducing friction and minimizing the risk of scratches while allowing for easy movement of the chairs.
- Silicone Covers: Made from flexible silicone, these covers mold to the shape of chair legs, offering a protective barrier that absorbs impact and provides grip without damaging the floor.
- Carpet or Area Rugs: Placing a rug under a chair can serve as an effective solution, protecting the flooring while also adding a decorative element to the space.
Felt pads are perhaps the most popular option as they are easy to apply and replace, and they are gentle on the surface of laminate flooring, making them ideal for everyday use in homes and offices.
Rubber caps offer a sturdy and durable option that not only prevents scratches but also provides stability to chairs, especially in high-traffic areas where movement is frequent.
Plastic glides are beneficial for chairs that are frequently moved, as they allow for smooth gliding without leaving marks or scuffing the laminate surface.
Silicone covers are a versatile choice because they fit snugly on various shapes of chair legs, providing a strong grip that minimizes movement and protects the floor from damage.
Lastly, area rugs not only protect laminate flooring but also enhance the aesthetic appeal of a room, making them a functional and stylish choice for any space.
How Do You Properly Install Feet Covers on Your Chair Legs?
To properly install feet covers on your chair legs, follow these steps:
- Choose the Right Size: Measure the diameter of your chair legs to ensure you select the appropriate size of feet covers.
- Clean the Chair Legs: Before installation, wipe down the chair legs to remove any dust or debris that could interfere with adhesion.
- Align the Feet Covers: Position the feet covers over the chair legs, ensuring they are aligned correctly for a snug fit.
- Press Firmly: Once aligned, press down firmly on the feet covers to secure them in place, making sure they fit tightly to avoid slipping.
- Test Stability: After installation, gently move the chair to ensure the feet covers are secure and the chair remains stable on the laminate flooring.
Choose the Right Size: It is crucial to select the correct size of feet covers to ensure they fit snugly over the chair legs. Measure the diameter accurately using a ruler or caliper, as an improper fit can lead to slipping or damage to both the chair and the flooring.
Clean the Chair Legs: Cleaning the chair legs before installation helps to ensure that the feet covers adhere properly. Dust, dirt, or grease can prevent a secure fit, leading to potential slippage and the possibility of scratches on your laminate floor.
Align the Feet Covers: Proper alignment is essential for ensuring that the feet covers provide adequate protection and stability. Position the covers straight over the chair legs, taking care to avoid any twisting or uneven placement.
Press Firmly: After aligning the covers, apply pressure evenly to secure them in place. A firm press helps to seal the cover against the chair leg, reducing the risk of movement and enhancing the protective qualities over time.
Test Stability: Finally, once everything is in place, gently move the chair to check for stability. This step is necessary to confirm that the feet covers are secure and that your chair will not slide or tip over, protecting both your furniture and the laminate flooring beneath.
What Maintenance Practices Help Extend the Life of Feet Covers on Laminate Floors?
To extend the life of feet covers on laminate floors, several maintenance practices can be implemented:
- Regular Cleaning: Keeping the laminate floor clean by sweeping or vacuuming regularly helps prevent dirt and grit from accumulating, which can scratch the surface and wear down chair feet covers.
- Moisture Control: Ensuring that spills are cleaned promptly and maintaining low humidity levels can protect both the laminate flooring and the feet covers from damage caused by moisture.
- Choosing the Right Feet Covers: Utilizing high-quality feet covers that are specifically designed for laminate floors can significantly reduce wear and tear, as they are typically made from materials that are less abrasive.
- Inspecting and Replacing Worn Covers: Regularly checking the condition of the feet covers and replacing them when they show signs of wear ensures continued protection for the laminate floor.
- Avoiding Dragging Furniture: Lifting furniture instead of dragging it across the floor can prevent unnecessary friction that damages both the laminate and the feet covers.
Regular cleaning is essential as it minimizes the chances of dirt and debris scratching the laminate surface and damaging the chair feet covers. A simple routine of sweeping or vacuuming can make a significant difference in maintaining the integrity of both the floor and the protective covers.
Moisture control is crucial, as laminate floors can be sensitive to excessive moisture. By promptly cleaning up spills and maintaining a balanced humidity level, you can prevent water damage and mold growth, which can compromise the feet covers’ effectiveness.
Choosing the right feet covers is vital; high-quality options designed for laminate surfaces typically feature softer materials that provide better protection against scratches and dents. Investing in these covers can save money in the long run by prolonging the life of both the covers and the flooring.
Inspecting and replacing worn covers is a proactive approach to floor maintenance. Regularly assessing the condition of the feet covers allows for timely replacements, which helps maintain optimal protection for the laminate floor beneath.
Avoiding dragging furniture is a simple yet effective practice. By lifting furniture instead of dragging it, you minimize the risk of damaging the feet covers and the laminate floor, ensuring that both remain in good condition for a longer period.
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